|
|
1754–1763
|
|
French and Indian War (American theater
of Seven Years’ War)
|
|
|
1756–1763
|
|
Seven Years’ War between Austria and
Prussia fought in Europe
|
|
|
1763
|
|
America: British gain French and Spanish territories
in Treaty of Paris
|
|
|
1768
|
|
Russo-Turkish War
|
|
|
1770
|
|
James
Cook claims Australia for
Britain
|
|
|
1773–1775
|
|
Peasants revolt in Russia
|
|
|
1773
|
|
American colonists revolt in Boston Tea
Party; form Committees of Correspondence
|
|
|
1774
|
|
India: Warren Hastings first British governor
|
|
|
1775
|
|
American Revolution begins; Battles of
Lexington and Concord
|
|
|
1776
|
|
United States: Declaration of
Independence; General George Washington crosses
Delaware
|
|
|
1777
|
|
United States: Articles of
Confederation
|
|
|
1778
|
|
French join war against British
|
|
|
1779–1793
|
|
Suurveld Wars in South Africa
|
|
|
1780
|
|
Peru: Tupac Amaru leads rebellion
|
|
|
1781
|
|
American Revolution ends with British surrender
at Yorktown
|
|
|
1783
|
|
Russia annexes Crimea
|
|
|
1784
|
|
India Act solidifies British
rule
|
|
|
1787
|
|
France: Louis XVI dismisses Assembly of
Notables
|
|
|
1787
|
|
Convention creates U.S.
Constitution
|
|
|
1789
|
|
United States: George Washington becomes
first president
|
|
|
1789
|
|
French Revolution begins; Estates-General
meets; storming of the Bastille
|
|
|
1791
|
|
France: National Assembly creates new
constitution
|
|
|
1791
|
|
United States: Bill of Rights
|
|
|
1792
|
|
Austria and Prussia invade France
|
|
|
1793
|
|
Louis XVI killed; Jacobin Reign of
Terror lasts until 1794
|
|
|
1795–1799
|
|
Directory rules France
|
|
|
1796–1798
|
|
French battle under Napoleon, take
Italy
|
|
|
1796
|
|
China: Jia Qing becomes emperor, begins repression of White Lotus
Society
|
|
|
1798
|
|
Napoleon invades Egypt
|
|
|
1799
|
|
Napoleon takes power in Paris
|
|
|
1799–1839
|
|
Northern India: Rise of Sikhs under Ranjit
Singh
|
|
|
1800
|
|
Washington, D.C., becomes U.S.
capital; Thomas Jefferson elected
president
|
|
|
1801
|
|
France invades Austria
|
|
|
1801
|
|
Alexander I becomes tsar of
Russia
|
|
|
1802
|
|
Treaty of Amiens creates temporary peace
in Europe
|
|
|
1803
|
|
Central India: British win final Maratha
War
|
|
|
1803
|
|
Louisiana Purchase
|
|
|
1804
|
|
Napoleon crowned emperor
|
|
|
1804
|
|
Haiti gains independence
|
|
|
1805
|
|
Third Coalition battles Napoleon
|
|
|
1806
|
|
Napoleon dissolves Holy Roman Empire
|
|
|
1807
|
|
England bans importation of slaves
|
|
|
1808
|
|
United States bans importation of slaves
|
|
|
1812
|
|
Napoleon invades Russia, loses army in winter retreat
|
|
|
1812
|
|
United States: War of 1812 with
British
|
|
|
1813
|
|
French defeated at Battle of
Leipzig
|
|
|
1814
|
|
Napoleon exiled to Elba; Treaty of
Paris
|
|
|
1815
|
|
French abolish slave trade
|
|
|
1815
|
|
Napoleon defeated at Waterloo after
“Hundred Days” return; Congress of
Vienna
|
|
|
1818
|
|
France joins Holy Alliance
|
|
|
c. 1819
|
|
S. Africa: Rise of Zulus under Shaka;
Mfecane Wars begin
|
|
|
1819
|
|
Spain sells Florida to United States in
Adams-Onis Treaty
|
|
|
1819
|
|
Simón Bolívar liberates Colombia,
Venezuela, Ecuador
|
|
|
1821
|
|
Mexico, Peru, and Central American states gain
independence
|
|
|
1821–1829
|
|
Greek War of Independence against
Turks
|
|
|
1823
|
|
United States: Monroe
Doctrine
|
|
|
c. 1825
|
|
British expand colonial control in Southeast Asia
|
|
|
1825
|
|
Nicholas I becomes tsar after
failed Decembrist coup
|
|
|
1828
|
|
Egyptian fleet destroyed at Battle of Navarino
|
|
|
1831
|
|
United States: Nat Turner leads failed slave rebellion
|
|
|
1831
|
|
Belgium gains independence under Leopold
I
|
|
|
1832
|
|
England: Reform Act extends vote
|
|
|
1836
|
|
Mexicans battle Texans at the Alamo
|
|
|
1837–1901
|
|
Britain: Victoria reigns as queen
|
|
|
1840
|
|
Upper and Lower Canada united
|
|
|
1841
|
|
Egypt: Governorship made hereditary in Muhammad Ali’s line
|
|
|
1842
|
|
China: Treaty of Nanking ends Opium War; British gain Hong Kong
|
|
|
1843
|
|
British conquer Natal, defeat
Boers
|
|
|
1845
|
|
Irish potato famine
|
|
|
1846
|
|
British Corn Laws repealed
|
|
|
1848
|
|
Revolutions in France, Germany, Austria, Italy
|
|
|
1848
|
|
United States wins war against Mexico; takes California, all land
north of Río Grande in Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo
|
|
|
1848
|
|
United States: California gold
rush
|
|
|
1849
|
|
Revolutions crushed in Hungary and Italy
|
|
|
1852
|
|
Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon
III
|
|
|
1854
|
|
Commodore Matthew Perry forces Japan to
open to foreign trade
|
|
|
1854
|
|
Liberal revolution in Spain
|
|
|
1854–1856
|
|
Crimean War
|
|
|
1857
|
|
India: British repress rebellion, place colonies under crown
rule
|
|
|
1857
|
|
United States: Dred Scott v.
Sanford decision
|
|
|
1858
|
|
Mexico: Benito Juárez, reformist
president
|
|
|
1859
|
|
French-Austrian War
|
|
|
1860
|
|
U.S.: Abraham Lincoln elected
president
|
|
|
1860
|
|
China: British, French win Second Opium
War
|
|
|
c. 1860
|
|
French control Vietnam
|
|
|
c. 1860–1890
|
|
Expansion of Russian control in Asia
|
|
|
c. 1860–1900
|
|
United States: Westward expansion results in forcible removal
of Native Americans
|
|
|
1861–1866
|
|
William I reigns as king of
Prussia
|
|
|
1861
|
|
U.S. Civil War begins; Southern states
secede from Union as Confederate States of
America
|
|
|
1863
|
|
United States: Battle of
Gettysburg
|
|
|
1865
|
|
United States: General Robert E.
Lee surrenders, ending Civil War; slavery
abolished at Appomattox
|
|
|
1865
|
|
United States: Lincoln
assassinated
|
|
|
1866
|
|
Austro-Prussian War
|
|
|
1866–1877
|
|
United States: Reconstruction period in
South
|
|
|
1867
|
|
Japan: Resignation of last shogun leads to Meiji
Restoration (1868)
|
|
|
1867
|
|
United States buys Alaska from
Russia
|
|
|
1868
|
|
Spain: Revolution against Queen Isabella II
|
|
|
1870–1871
|
|
Franco-Prussian War; Paris Commune
defeated; Third Republic begins
|
|
|
1872
|
|
League of Three Emperors
|
|
|
c. 1875
|
|
Decline of Turkish Ottoman
Empire
|
|
|
1876
|
|
Sioux under Sitting Bull rebel, kill
Colonel George Custer
|
|
|
1877
|
|
British annex South Africa
|
|
|
1877
|
|
Mexico: Porfirio Díaz gains power in
coup
|
|
|
1879
|
|
British fight Zulu War
|
|
|
1879
|
|
Otto von Bismarck negotiates
German-Austrian alliance
|
|
|
c. 1880–1910
|
|
Britain, France, Belgium battle for African colonies
|
|
|
1882
|
|
Triple Alliance against
France
|
|
|
1884
|
|
Dowager Empress Cixi gains power in
China
|
|
|
1884
|
|
Berlin conference partitions colonial Africa
|
|
|
1885
|
|
Indian National
Congress founded
|
|
|
1888–1889
|
|
Revolution in Brazil frees slaves, creates
republic
|
|
|
1890
|
|
U.S. cavalry massacre Sioux at Wounded
Knee
|
|
|
1893
|
|
Irish home rule defeated
|
|
|
1894
|
|
Dreyfus Affair begins in
France
|
|
|
1898
|
|
China: “100 days” reforms repressed
|
|
|
1898
|
|
United States: Defeats Spain in Cuba and Puerto Rico
|
|
|
1900
|
|
China: Boxer Rebellion
|
|
|
1900
|
|
United States: Theodore
Roosevelt elected
|
|
|
1901
|
|
England: Queen Victoria dies; Edward
VII crowned
|
|
|
1903
|
|
Panama secedes from Colombia; United
States gains control of canal zone
|
|
|
1904
|
|
Manchuria: Russo-Japanese
War begins
|
|
|
1904
|
|
Entente Cordiale between England,
France
|
|
|
1905
|
|
Revolution in Russia against tsar
|
|
|
1906
|
|
First
Russian Duma (parliament)
|
|
|
1908
|
|
Ferdinand I
declares Bulgarian independence
|
|
|
1911
|
|
Mexican Revolution deposes Porfirio
Díaz
|
|
|
1912
|
|
China: Fall of Qing (Manchu) emperor
|
|
|
1912
|
|
First Balkan War against
Ottomans
|
|
|
1913
|
|
Second Balkan War: Bulgaria fights
Serbia and Greece
|
|
|
1914
|
|
Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated; World War
I begins: Austria battles Serbia; Britain, Russia, and France
battle Germany
|
1750–1914: Political & Military
