|
|
1452
|
|
Habsburg German Frederick III made Holy
Roman Emperor
|
|
|
1453
|
|
French victory at Castillon ends Hundred Years’ War
|
|
|
1453
|
|
Ottoman conquest of Constantinople
(now Istanbul) ends Byzantine Empire
|
|
|
1455–1485
|
|
England: Wars of the Roses
|
|
|
1462
|
|
Ivan III (“the Great”) ends Russian
tribute to Golden Horde
|
|
|
1463–1482
|
|
Portuguese capture coastal cities in West Africa
|
|
|
c. 1465
|
|
Rise of Songhay
Empire (Africa)
|
|
|
1467–1477
|
|
Japan: Onin War
|
|
|
1469
|
|
Lorenzo Medici (“the Magnificent”) rules
Florence
|
|
|
1477
|
|
French under Louis XI and Swiss defeat Charles the Bold at Battle
of Nancy
|
|
|
1478
|
|
Ivan the Great conquers Novgorod
|
|
|
1485
|
|
Henry VII begins Tudor
dynasty
|
|
|
1492
|
|
Ferdinand
V and Isabella defeat Moors, unite
Spain
|
|
|
1499
|
|
Louis XII captures Milan
|
|
|
1501
|
|
First African slaves in West
Indies
|
|
|
1501
|
|
French conquer Naples, begins expansion in northern
Italy
|
|
|
1502
|
|
Ismail captures Persia, becomes shah
|
|
|
1502–1520
|
|
Height of Aztec power under Montezuma
II
|
|
|
1510
|
|
India: Portuguese colony
at Goa
|
|
|
1511
|
|
Ferdinand V and Henry VIII join anti-French “Holy
League”
|
|
|
1514
|
|
Ottoman Turks invade Persia
|
|
|
1516
|
|
Habsburgs win control of Spain through
marriage
|
|
|
1518
|
|
Hernán Cortés begins conquest of
Aztecs
|
|
|
1519
|
|
Charles V elected Holy Roman
Emperor
|
|
|
1521
|
|
Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the
Magnificent invade Europe, take Belgrade
|
|
|
1526
|
|
Babur raids Delhi Sultanate,
begins Mughal Empire‘s expansion in Northern
India
|
|
|
1529
|
|
Ottoman Turks capture Algeria
|
|
|
1529–1531
|
|
Protestant rebellions in Germany,
Switzerland
|
|
|
1531
|
|
Francisco Pizarro begins conquest of
Incas
|
|
|
1536–1541
|
|
John Calvin leads reformation at Geneva,
sets up Calvinist government
|
|
|
1547
|
|
Russia: Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) becomes
tsar
|
|
|
c. 1550
|
|
Portuguese establish colonies
in Brazil
|
|
|
1555
|
|
Germany: Peace of Augsburg establishes
religious freedom
|
|
|
1558
|
|
Elizabeth I becomes queen of
England
|
|
|
1559
|
|
Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis ends Italian wars between Spain and
France
|
|
|
1561–1592
|
|
Rise of Mughals under Akbar I
|
|
|
1562
|
|
Religious wars in France follow murder
of Huguenots
|
|
|
1571
|
|
Turks defeated at Battle of
Lepanto
|
|
|
1572
|
|
France: St. Bartholomew’s Day
massacre
|
|
|
1584
|
|
Dutch William of
Orange murdered
|
|
|
1588
|
|
English defeat Spanish Armada
|
|
|
1589
|
|
France: Bourbon dynasty begins with
ascension of Henry IV
|
|
|
1591
|
|
Moroccans sack Gao; end of Songhay Empire
|
|
|
1598
|
|
Edict of Nantes orders toleration of
French Huguenots
|
|
|
c. 1600
|
|
Portuguese, French, and Dutch establish African
colonies
|
|
|
1600
|
|
Japan: Edo period begins
|
|
|
1600–1603
|
|
English and Dutch form East India
companies, begin battling Portugal for colonial
holdings
|
|
|
1603
|
|
England: Queen Elizabeth I dies; James
I begins Stuart
dynasty
|
|
|
1607
|
|
English form colony
at Jamestown, Virginia
|
|
|
1609
|
|
Spanish and Dutch commence 12-year truce
|
|
|
1610
|
|
France: Henry IV assassinated, Louis
XIII made king
|
|
|
1613
|
|
Poles expelled from Russia; Romanov
dynasty begins
|
|
|
1618
|
|
Defenestration of Prague begins Thirty Years’
War
|
|
|
1628
|
|
French under Cardinal Richelieu repress
Huguenot rebellion
|
|
|
1635
|
|
France enters Thirty Years’ War with Sweden, against
Spain
|
|
|
1638
|
|
Japan closes itself to foreigners
|
|
|
1640
|
|
Frederick William takes power in Prussia
|
|
|
1643
|
|
French found Montreal
|
|
|
1644
|
|
China: End of Ming dynasty; Qing
dynasty begins
|
|
|
1648
|
|
Thirty Years’ War ends with Treaty of Westphalia
|
|
|
1649
|
|
England: Charles I killed, commonwealth established
|
|
|
1653–1658
|
|
Oliver Cromwell is Lord Protector of
England
|
|
|
1659
|
|
French and Spanish sign Peace of Pyrenees
|
|
|
1660
|
|
Charles II reestablishes English
monarchy
|
|
|
1661
|
|
English colony at Bombay
|
|
|
1664
|
|
English take New Amsterdam, rename it New
York
|
|
|
1672
|
|
French invade Netherlands
|
|
|
1682
|
|
French claim Louisiana
territory
|
|
|
1685
|
|
Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes
|
|
|
1686
|
|
French claim Madagascar
|
|
|
1686–1697
|
|
League of Augsburg wars against France
|
|
|
1688
|
|
Dutch Protestant William of Orange becomes William
I of England in Glorious
Revolution
|
|
|
1689
|
|
Russia: Peter the Great becomes sole
ruler
|
|
|
c. 1690
|
|
India: Height of Mughal
Empire
|
|
|
1700
|
|
Great Northern War begins; Swedes defeat
Russians
|
|
|
1700
|
|
Charles II dies, ending Habsburg rule of Spain; Bourbon dynasty
begins
|
|
|
1701
|
|
Frederick III crowned Frederick I of
Prussia
|
|
|
1701
|
|
War of Spanish
Succession begins
|
|
|
1703
|
|
Russia: St. Petersburg established;
becomes capital in 1713
|
|
|
1705
|
|
Husseinids establish dynasty in
Tunis
|
|
|
1707
|
|
England and Scotland united as Great
Britain
|
|
|
1707
|
|
Fall of Mughal Empire after death of Aurangzeb; India
divided
|
|
|
1714
|
|
Treaty of Utrecht ends War of Spanish
Succession
|
|
|
1715
|
|
Louis XV becomes king of
France
|
|
|
1717
|
|
Mongols raid Tibet; later defeated by Chinese
|
|
|
1718
|
|
French establish New Orleans
|
|
|
1718–1720
|
|
Spain takes Texas
|
|
|
1720
|
|
London: Failure of South Seas company
|
|
|
1721
|
|
Russians under Peter the Great win Great Northern War
|
|
|
1721–1742
|
|
Britain: Robert Walpole serves as first
prime minister
|
|
|
1727
|
|
George II takes British
throne
|
|
|
1730–1747
|
|
Rise of Persians under
nadirs Kuli and Shah; capture
of Afghanistan and Delhi
|
|
|
1733–1735
|
|
War of Polish Succession; Russian
invasion of Poland
|
|
|
1735
|
|
Russia and Persia defeat Turks at Baghavand
|
|
|
1738
|
|
Treaty of Vienna
|
|
|
1740
|
|
Frederick the Great becomes king of Prussia
|
|
|
1740–1748
|
|
War of Austrian Succession
|
|
|
1744–1748
|
|
America: British and French fight King George’s
War
|
|
|
c. 1750
|
|
Robert Clive leads British conquest of
southern India
|
1450–1750: Political & Military
